Combustion Definition in Chemistry

Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing agent that produces energy, usually in the form of heat and light. Combustion is considered an exergonic or exothermic chemical reaction. It is also known as burning. Combustion is considered to be one of the first chemical reactions intentionally controlled by humans. The reason combustion releases heat is because the double bond between oxygen atoms in O2 are weaker than the single bonds or other double bonds. So, although energy is absorbed in the reaction, it is released when the stronger bonds are formed to make carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). While the fuel plays a role in the energy of the reaction, its minor in comparison because the chemical bonds in the fuel are comparable to the energy of the bonds in the products. Mechanics Combustion occurs when a fuel and an oxidant react to form oxidized products. Typically, energy must be supplied to initiate the reaction. Once combustion starts, the released heat can make combustion self-sustaining. For example, consider a wood fire. Wood in the presence of oxygen in air does not undergo spontaneous combustion. Energy must be supplied, as from a lit match or exposure to heat. When the activation energy for the reaction is available, the cellulose (a carbohydrate) in wood reacts with oxygen in air to produce heat, light, smoke, ash, carbon dioxide, water, and other gases. The heat from the fire allows the reaction to proceed until the fire becomes too cool or the fuel or oxygen is exhausted. Example Reactions A simple example of a combustion reaction is the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to produce water vapor: 2H2(g) O2(g) → 2H2O(g) A more familiar type of combustion reaction is the combustion of methane (a hydrocarbon) to produce carbon dioxide and water: CH4 2O2 → CO2 2H2O which leads to one general form of a combustion reaction: hydrocarbon oxygen → carbon dioxide and water Oxidants The oxidation reaction may be thought of in terms of electron transfer rather than the element oxygen. Chemists recognize several fuels capable of acting as oxidants for combustion. These include pure oxygen and also chlorine, fluorine, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, and chlorine trifluoride. For example, hydrogen gas burns, releasing heat and light, when reacted with chlorine to produce hydrogen chloride. Catalysis Combustion isnt usually a catalyzed reaction, but platinum or vanadium may act as catalysts. Complete Versus Incomplete Combustion Combustion is said to be complete when the reaction produces a minimal number of products. For example, if methane reacts with oxygen and only produces carbon dioxide and water, the process is complete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen for the fuel to convert completely to carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete oxidation of a fuel may also occur. It also results when pyrolysis occurs prior to combustion, as is the case with most fuels. In pyrolysis, organic matter undergoes thermal decomposition at high temperature without reacting with oxygen. Incomplete combustion may yield many additional products, including char, carbon monoxide, and acetaldehyde.

Essay on French Tourism - 871 Words

France is a country of beauty, mystery, and intrigue. Paris has the most known tourist attractions in the world: The Eiffel Tower, L’arc de Triomphe, and the Louvre to name a few. Paris is called the â€Å"City of Light†; the lighting of monuments and buildings emphasizes the beauty of the architecture in the city. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Eiffel Tower is the symbol of Paris, if not the entire country. It is one of the most known monuments in the entire world, and definitely one of the most photographed. It began construction in 1887, designed by the engineer Gustave Eiffel, and was finished in 1889 for the International Exhibition of Paris. It was build to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the French revolution. At first some†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;L’arc de Triomphe stands on the avenue of the Champs-Elysees in the Place de l’Etoile. It is a military monument that commenced building in 1806 and finished in 1936 to commemorate Napoleon’s victory in battles during the First Empire. The Prussians crossed it in 1871 and by Marshal Foch following the victory of 1919. It was claimed by the Nazis during the occupation in WW2. A flame burns at the base of the Arc, â€Å"The Flame of the Unknown Soldier†. It burns in memory of the unide ntified casualties from both world wars. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Notre-Dame Cathedral is located on l’Ile de la Cite, an island in the Seine River. The construction of the cathedral took less than 200 years, and commenced in 1160 by the orders of Bishop Maurice de Sully. The large cathedral is famous for its rose windows, which were removed during WW2 and reinstalled after the war ended to prevent them from being damaged. Services are still held there, despite it being a large tourist attraction. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Louvre Museum is one of the most known and largest museums of fine arts with over 75,000 paintings. Philip II Augustus built it in the 13th century, and it was originally designed as a fortress to defend the Seine River against the Normans and English. Charles V enlarged the chateau in the 14th century, and the style was abandoned in the 16th century to make way for a Renaissance style structure. InShow MoreRelatedCultural Heritage Of The French Tourism1513 Words   |  7 PagesTourism in France is an important activity, both for the French who choose to spend their holidays, and foreigners who come to stay. Thus, since 1990, France became the first tourist destination in the world. 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Challenges of Bowhunting Free Essays

Mr. Hinson Challenges of Bow hunting Hunters everywhere are presented with a number of challenges that arise with each hunt. Bow hunters are no exception to this. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Bowhunting or any similar topic only for you Order Now In most cases, bow hunters are faced with many more challenges than someone hunting with a firearm. Some challenges include the extensive preparation that has to be done before each hunt, as well as being cognizant and knowledgeable of all of the different types of each piece of equipment and knowing which to choose. The extensive preparation required to be a successful bow hunter is indeed an adequate challenge. Unlike hunting with a firearm, someone cannot walk blindly into a deer stand and stand a chance at harvesting a deer. One must prepare. The preparation should begin with finding a bow that â€Å"fits† the hunter, one they are comfortable with. Things must be adjusted to suit the one who will be hunting with it. Things like the draw weight which is the amount of weight require to pull the bow to â€Å"full draw’ so it can be shot. After this, the hunter should practice shooting this bow to develop proper form and muscle memory well before season. Not only must this be mastered, but the hunter has to be comfortable shooting from different ositions such as sitting down or standing up. But Wait! It gets better! One must know which positions are acceptable for the deer to be in for an ethical shot to be taken. For example, if a Touchton deer was shot in the same place quartering away as if it was standing broadside, the vitals would be missed. This is only one example of why someone must have sufficient practice shooting their bow. Moving on to the next step in prepping; Scouting. Scouting is essential to having a successful season. In this case, success is defined as harvesting mature deer, both bucks and doe. So how does one scout? Scouting is done by walking around the property which the hunter will hunt, looking for signs of deer activity. A few signs of deer activity are tracks, trails, and beddings areas. Once trails and feeding areas are located, trail cameras are usually placed along them to capture pictures and videos of the deer in the area. This allows the hunter to know the deer on the property. This in turn allows the deer to be â€Å"picked out† and patterned. Once a deer is picked and patterned, a stand has to be placed to give the hunter the best possible opportunity to harvest deer. Obviously, this is not a one day project. It actually takes a good bit of time. Another mentionable challenge is being cognizant of all of the different types of equipment that can be used in this sport. Let’s start with finding a bow. As I mentioned before, it important to find a bow that â€Å"fits† the hunter. One that has all of the specifications that hunter may want. So that’s all, right? Wrong. The right bow was found, but what about the necessary accessories? One crucial accessory would be the sights on the bow. Sights are tor aiming the bow, without them, a hunter would not hit what he or she was aiming at. Another piece of equipment of equal alue is a release. A release is what is used to release the bowstring to let the arrow fly. As with the sights, there are many to choose from. There are two main types of releases, a caliper and a thumb style. The best to get depends on who is asked. So Touchton it a preference. And what will be shot from this bow? That’s right, an arrow. Once again, there are many to be chosen from. Different arrows vary in strength, weight, dynamics, and so on. The right choice depends on the strength and speed of the bow it will be shot out of. Another important piece of equipment is the broad head. One should research thoroughly to determine the most reliable and effective one. Again, mainly a preference. There are fixed blade and mechanical broad heads. Fixed blades are Just what the name implies, they do not change during flight or impact. Mechanical broad heads however open upon impact, theoretically producing a larger wound channel. Now I am ready to hunt! Not so fast! Though stalking deer may be done, most chose to hunt deer from a tree stand or ground blind. The right type of stand depends solely on the preference of the hunter and the environment being hunted. Whether it be a Lock-on style, a climbing stand, a tree stand, or a ground blind. Along with knowing which stand to pick, knowing where to place it is a whole other challenge. It must be close enough to compensate for the limited range for a bow, but not too close so it alerts the game being hunted. As every bow hunter knows, this preparation takes months and no one step is more important than the other! Also, being cognizant and knowledgeable of all of the different types of each piece of equipment and knowing which to choose is equally important. A hunter must have all of these things ready before opening day! How to cite Challenges of Bowhunting, Papers

Pride And Prejudice (926 words) Essay Example For Students

Pride And Prejudice (926 words) Essay Pride and PrejudicePride and PrejudiceOn pride and prejudice, which in your opinioncomes in for sharper criticism from Austen. Support your answer by referringto specific incidents and episodes. pride n., v., 1. high (or too high) opinionof ones own dignity, importance, worth, etc. 2. the condition or feelingof being proud. 3. a noble sense of what is due to oneself or ones positionor character; self respect; self esteem. prejudice n., v., 1. an opinion(usually unfavourable), formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought,or reason. 2. disadvantage resulting from some judgement or action of another. 3. the resulting injury or loss. We will write a custom essay on Pride And Prejudice (926 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In my opinion, pride comes in for the sharpercriticism by Austen. She has chosen to personify this trait in severalcharacters in Pride and Prejudice although it is hard to find one characterwho portrays prejudice alone, throughout the novel. When prejudice doesoccur in this novel, Jane Austen has shown it in the hands of a notoriouslyproud character. Because prejudice is not personified (ie. depicted asa major characteristic flaw) I believe that it was not to be the objectof Jane Austens sharper criticism. Jane Austen has depicted pride in her minor(functional) characters as a means of demonstrating its importance asa theme of this novel. Lady Catherine is one of the main offenders, herairs, arrogance and pride are fuelled by other characters like Mr Collinswho is put there to satire proud people and their followers. Another importantcharacter to note is Mr Darcy. He is an extremely important character inthis novel, a major character, and I think that the fact that he was perceivedto have been proud at the beginning of the novel by the reader, Elizabeth,and the community of the shire, and our perception, along with Elizabeth,of his character, has changed throughout the novel points to Jane Austenscriticism of pride and snobbery (insinuating that once pride is done awaywith (and along with it, prejudice) a character becomes much more favourable. (Note that Lady Catherine does not sway from her proud arrogant position,from beginning to end of the novel, this partly to provide a contrast betweenthe supposed arrogance of Mr Darcy at the beginning of the novel, and hisbehaviour by the end.)Throughout this novel we are shown thearrogant and haughty dispositions of the upperclass of this society. (Weare also shown the exceptions to the rule, namely Mr Bingley and Miss Darcy.)These people are exceedingly proud of their great fortunes and estatesand as a result of the emphasis at that time on monetary issues, they areprejudiced (and commit acts of prejudice) towards their financial, andsocial, inferiors. An example of this is the beginning of the novel,the ball, when Mr Darcy snubs Elizabeth Bennet in an act of prejudice. He refuses to dance with her on account of her not being handsome enoughto tempt me. After being described throughout the chapter as being theproudest, most disagreeable man in the world because he would not socialise(he danced only once with Mrs Hurst and once with Miss Bingley, declinedbeing introduced to any other lady, and spent the rest of the evening walkingabout the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party) his refusalto dance with Elizabeth Bennet is consistent with the rest of his snobberyand it is logical that he is slighting Elizabeth Bennet because he is excessivelyproud and does not feel that her handsomeness is worthy of his. .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 , .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .postImageUrl , .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 , .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:hover , .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:visited , .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:active { border:0!important; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:active , .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0 .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8700b19cd1e773ce28fd5c4273a61e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child abuse EssayAnother example of proud character executingprejudice on an inferior candidate is Miss Bingley and Mr Darcys conspiracyagainst Mr Bingley and Miss Bennets courtship and inevitable marriage. Together, Mr Darcy and Miss Bingley decide that Mr Bingley and Jane arenot suited and therefore should not be married because Janes backgroundis not worthy of Mr Bingleys rich, socially handsome estate. Firstly,Mr. Darcy influences Bingley to leave Netherfield, then Miss Bingley failsto tell him of Janes prescence in London (although she knows that it wouldbe of great interest to him.) It is because of their pride, and their warpperception of their own, and in this case their brother or friends pride,that influences to think they would be doing the right thing by keepingJane and Mr. Bingley apart. Lady Catherines bullyin of Elizabeth (atthe end of the novel) in an effort to dissuade her from marrying Darcyis a result of her feeling that her own daughter was entitled to Mr. Darcymore than Elizabeth (who was not worth as much socially or in monetaryvalue.) She argues are the shades of Pemberley to be thus polluted? Thisis an act of extreme arrogance stemming from her prejudice against Elizabeth. Lady Catherine, as a result of her pride, believes she is more importantthan everyone and that everyone else should respect and honour them (inthis case Elizabeth) by rejecting a proposal from a man who she loves andwho loves her. This obscene assumption on Lady Catherines behalf is asa result of her prejudice towards the Bennets because of their lower income,and social status. The prejudice against them for such a reason is rootedin her own arrogant pride. In the case of the characteristics prideand prejudice (two key themes of the novel) I think that pride comes infor the sharper criticism by Jane Austen. I think this because of her personificationof pride (in characters like Lady Catherine) and the fact that the prejudicewhich does occur in the novel is accompanied by, if not rooted in pride. Through the incidents spoken on above, prejudice has been shown to be aresult of arrogant pride and because it is an underlying emotive in theprejudiced actions of the characters I feel it is more sharply criticised.